Electrocardiography Techniques for the Prediction and Detection of Coronary Artery Disease: Intelligent Diagnostic Support Systems
Authors
The high mortality rate around the world can be attributed to Coronary Artery Disease (CAD). Therefore, in order to prevent extreme outcomes (including coronary heart attacks and sudden death), early detection is essential. A diagnostic (non-invasive) tool commonly used to identify early symptoms of CAD is Electrocardiography (ECG). However, the interpreter's knowledge may overlook diffuse patterns, thus affecting the accuracy. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a promising solution that has emerged recently. That is because it can utilize advanced algorithms to analyze large ECG datasets and identify previously hidden indicators of early-stage disease. This research demonstrates the significance of ECG in CAD diagnosis and investigates how AI can enhance diagnostic accuracy to improve preventive measures for cardiac disease.
Keywords:
ECG, Coronary Artery Disease, AI[1] Achim, A., Péter, O. Á., Cocoi, M., Serban, A., Mot, S., Dadarlat-Pop, A., … Ruzsa, Z. (2023). Correlation between Coronary Artery Disease with Other Arterial Systems: Similar, Albeit Separate, Underlying Pathophysiologic Mechanisms. Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease, 10(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd10050210
[2] Argentiero, A., Muscogiuri, G., Rabbat, M. G., Martini, C., Soldato, N., Basile, P., … Guaricci, A. I. (2022). The Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance—A Comprehensive Review. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 11(10), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11102866
[3] Attia, Z. I., Harmon, D. M., Behr, E. R., & Friedman, P. A. (2021). Application of artificial intelligence to the electrocardiogram. European Heart Journal, 42(46), 4717–4730. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehab649
[4] Avula, V., Wu, K. C., & Carrick, R. T. (2023). Clinical Applications, Methodology, and Scientific Reporting of Electrocardiogram Deep-Learning Models: A Systematic Review. JACC: Advances, 2(10). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacadv.2023.100686
[5] Chang, R. K. (2022). Resting 12‑lead ECG tests performed by patients at home amid the COVID-19 pandemic — Results from the first 1000 patients. Journal of Electrocardiology, 73(July), 108–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2022.06.006
[6] Chen, J., Huang, S., Zhang, Y., Chang, Q., Zhang, Y., Li, D., … Liang, H. (2024). Congenital heart disease detection by pediatric electrocardiogram based deep learning integrated with human concepts. Nature Communications, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-44930-y
[7] Chen, T., & Guestrin, C. (2016). XGBoost: A scalable tree boosting system. Proceedings of the ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, 13-17-Augu, 785–794. https://doi.org/10.1145/2939672.2939785
[8] Di Costanzo, A., Spaccarotella, C. A. M., Esposito, G., & Indolfi, C. (2024). An Artificial Intelligence Analysis of Electrocardiograms for the Clinical Diagnosis of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Narrative Review. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 13(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13041033
[9] Di Lenarda, F., Balestrucci, A., Terzi, R., Lopes, P., Ciliberti, G., Marchetti, D., … Conte, E. (2024). Coronary Artery Disease, Family History, and Screening Perspectives: An Up-to-Date Review. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 13(19). https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13195833
[10] Duncker, D., Ding, W. Y., Etheridge, S., Noseworthy, P. A., Veltmann, C., Yao, X., … Gupta, D. (2021). Smart wearables for cardiac monitoring—real-world use beyond atrial fibrillation. Sensors, 21(7), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21072539
[11] Gupta, U., Paluru, N., Nankani, D., Kulkarni, K., & Awasthi, N. (2024). A comprehensive review on efficient artificial intelligence models for classification of abnormal cardiac rhythms using electrocardiograms. Heliyon, 10(5), e26787. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26787
[12] Hosseini, K., Mortazavi, S. H., Sadeghian, S., Ayati, A., Nalini, M., Aminorroaya, A., … Kamangar, F. (2021). Prevalence and trends of coronary artery disease risk factors and their effect on age of diagnosis in patients with established coronary artery disease: Tehran Heart Center (2005–2015). BMC Cardiovascular Disorders, 21(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12872-021-02293-y
[13] Huang, P. S., Tseng, Y. H., Tsai, C. F., Chen, J. J., Yang, S. C., Chiu, F. C., … Tsai, C. T. (2022). An Artificial Intelligence-Enabled ECG Algorithm for the Prediction and Localization of Angiography-Proven Coronary Artery Disease. Biomedicines, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10020394
[14] ISLAM, M. R., DAS, S., HIROSE, K., & MOLLA, M. K. I. (2012). Analysis of Ecg Signals Using Data-Adaptive Time Domain Filtering for Cardiovascular Disease Diagnosis. Advances in Adaptive Data Analysis, 04(01n02), 1250006. https://doi.org/10.1142/s1793536912500069
[15] Kamaruddin, N. H., Murugappan, M., & Omar, M. I. (2012). Early prediction of Cardiovascular Diseases using ECG signal: Review. SCOReD 2012 - 2012 IEEE Student Conference on Research and Development, (April), 48–53. https://doi.org/10.1109/SCOReD.2012.6518609
[16] Lecun, Y., Bengio, Y., & Hinton, G. (2015). Deep learning. Nature, 521(7553), 436–444. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14539
[17] Leone, D. M., O’Sullivan, D., & Bravo-Jaimes, K. (2025). Artificial Intelligence in Pediatric Electrocardiography: A Comprehensive Review. Children, 12(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3390/children12010025
[18] Mao, J., Li, Z., Li, S., & Li, J. (2023). A Novel ECG Signal Denoising Algorithm Based on Sparrow Search Algorithm for Optimal Variational Modal Decomposition. Entropy, 25(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/e25050775
[19] Muzammil, M. A., Javid, S., Afridi, A. K., Siddineni, R., Shahabi, M., Haseeb, M., … Nashwan, A. J. (2024). Artificial intelligence-enhanced electrocardiography for accurate diagnosis and management of cardiovascular diseases. Journal of Electrocardiology, 83(January), 30–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2024.01.006
[20] Odinaka, I., Lai, P. H., Kaplan, A. D., O’Sullivan, J. A., Sirevaag, E. J., & Rohrbaugh, J. W. (2012). ECG biometric recognition: A comparative analysis. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, 7(6), 1812–1824. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIFS.2012.2215324
[21] Panganiban, E. B., Paglinawan, A. C., Chung, W. Y., & Paa, G. L. S. (2021). ECG diagnostic support system (EDSS): A deep learning neural network based classification system for detecting ECG abnormal rhythms from a low-powered wearable biosensors. Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research, 31(November 2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbsr.2021.100398
[22] Park, J., Kim, J., Kang, S. H., Lee, J., Hong, Y., Chang, H. J., … Yoon, Y. E. (2024). Artificial intelligence–enhanced electrocardiography analysis as a promising tool for predicting obstructive coronary artery disease in patients with stable angina. European Heart Journal - Digital Health, 5(4), 444–453. https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjdh/ztae038
[23] Payne, L., Zeigler, V. L., & Gillette, P. C. (2011). Acute cardiac arrhythmias following surgery for congenital heart disease: Mechanisms, diagnostic tools, and management. Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America, 23(2), 255–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccell.2011.04.001
[24] Roth, G. A., Mensah, G. A., Johnson, C. O., Addolorato, G., Ammirati, E., Baddour, L. M., … Fuster, V. (2020). Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors, 1990-2019: Update From the GBD 2019 Study. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 76(25), 2982–3021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2020.11.010
[25] Salam, A., & Abhinesh, N. (2024). Revolutionizing dermatology: The role of artificial intelligence in clinical practice. IP Indian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Dermatology, 10(2), 107–112. https://doi.org/10.18231/j.ijced.2024.021
[26] Sayols-Baixeras, S., Lluís-Ganella, C., Lucas, G., & Elosua, R. (2014). Pathogenesis of coronary artery disease: Focus on genetic risk factors and identification of genetic variants. Application of Clinical Genetics, 7, 15–32. https://doi.org/10.2147/TACG.S35301
[27] Singh, M., Kumar, A., Khanna, N. N., Laird, J. R., Nicolaides, A., Faa, G., … Suri, J. S. (2024). Artificial intelligence for cardiovascular disease risk assessment in personalised framework: a scoping review. EClinicalMedicine, 73(January), 102660. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102660
[28] Siontis, K. C., Noseworthy, P. A., Attia, Z. I., & Friedman, P. A. (2021). Artificial intelligence-enhanced electrocardiography in cardiovascular disease management. Nature Reviews Cardiology, 18(7), 465–478. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41569-020-00503-2
[29] Sun, X., Yin, Y., Yang, Q., & Huo, T. (2023). Artificial intelligence in cardiovascular diseases: diagnostic and therapeutic perspectives. European Journal of Medical Research, 28(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40001-023-01065-y
[30] Voulodimos, A., Doulamis, N., Doulamis, A., & Protopapadakis, E. (2018). Deep Learning for Computer Vision: A Brief Review. Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7068349
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal Port Science Research

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
- Published: 2026-03-23
- Issue: Vol. 9 No. 2 (2026): second issue
- Section: Articles








