التحولات في مفهوم الفضاء الحضري بسبب جائحة كورونا

Yazarlar

  • وسن مكي محمد قسم هندسة العمارة، كلية الهندسة، جامعة اوروك
  • سعد فوزي النعيمي قسم هندسة العمارة، كلية الهندسة، جامعة ديالى
  • وحدة شكر الحنكاوي قسم هندسة العمارة، الجامعة التكنولوجية

تهدف الدراسة الى اعادة قراءة شكل الفضاء الحضري الجديد لفترة الجائحة وما بعدها. وطرح البحث مفهوم جديد للفضاء الحضري أطلق عليه البحث مسمى: (الفضاء الصحي الوقائي)، من خلال مراجعة أدبية لدراسة العلاقة بين تأثيرات الاوبئة وأثرها على التحولات في مفهوم الفضاء الحضري، بالإضافة إلى دراسة أهم استراتيجيات المدن التي أثبتت فعاليتها في التعامل مع الاوبئة العالمية لتوجيه المستقبل. من خلال استخدام المنهج الاستقرائي في تفسير الظواهر والاشكاليات المطروحة لدراسات وتطبيقات سابقة في نفس المجال اشتقت منها مفردات لقياس التحول في الفضاء الحضري ما بعد الجائحة وبأسلوب منضبط توصل البحث الى إطار نظري شامل ونموذج يوضح اهم الخصائص التخطيطية للفضاء الحضري الجديد الذي ظهر في قراءة المدينة بالمنظور الجديد وولادة هذا الفضاء الذي تتوافر فيه متطلبات البيئة الصحية لمنع انتشار الأوبئة والسيطرة عليها وهو ما أطلق عليه البحث (الفضاء الصحي الوقائي).

Anahtar Kelimeler:

الفضاء الحضري- الفضاء الصحي- الفضاء الوقائي- التحولات الحضرية- المدينة وجائحة كورونا

[1] Lunn, P. D., Belton, C. A., Lavin, C., McGowan, F. P., Timmons, S., & Robertson, D. A. (2020). Using Behavioral Science to help fight the Coronavirus. Journal of Behavioral Public Administration, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.30636/jbpa.31.147

[2] Organization, W. H. (2020). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report-70. Journal of Internal Medicine of Taiwan, 31(2), 61–66. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200330-sitrep-70-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=7e0fe3f8_4

[3] Hall, S. P., Hardy, D., Howard, E., & Ward, C. (2021). SOCIAL CITIES. In To-Morrow (pp. 150–164). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203589199-20

[4] Boyko, C.T., Cooper, R., & Dunn, N. (Eds.). (2020). Designing Future Cities for Wellbeing (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429470684

[5] Kimmelman, M. Can City Life Survive Coronavirus? The New York Times March 17, 2020 March 22, 2020 May 7, 2020]; Available from: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/17/world/europe/coronavirus-city-life.html.

[6] Duhl, L. J. L. J., Sanchez, A. K. A. K., & Organization, W. H. (1999). Healthy cities and the city planning process: a background document on links between health and urban planning. WHO (p. 43). Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe. Retrieved from http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/101610/E67843.pdf%0Ahttp://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/101610/E67843.pdf%0Ahttp://www.who.int/iris/handle/10665/108252

[7] Berardi, U. (2013). Sustainable Construction: Green Building Design and Delivery. Intelligent Buildings International, 5(1), 65–66. https://doi.org/10.1080/17508975.2012.756388

[8] LePan, N. (2020). Visualizing the History of Pandemics. Visualizing the History of Pandemics, 2, 1–16. Retrieved from https://www.visualcapitalist.com/history-of-pandemics-deadliest/

[9] White, P. (2006). Epidemics and Pandemics: Their Impacts on Human History2006378J. N. Hays. Epidemics and Pandemics: Their Impacts on Human History . Santa Barbara, CA and Oxford: ABC‐Clio 2005. xi+513 pp. £64.95 $95, ISBN: 1 85109 658 2 Also available as an e‐book (ISBN 1 85109 663 9). Reference Reviews, 20(7), 36–37. https://doi.org/10.1108/09504120610701635

[10] WHO. health-topics, cholera Reviewed May 4, 2020; Available from: https://www.who.int/health-topics/cholera#tab=tab_1.

[11] Rinde, M. How Philly’s neighborhoods can help us understand pandemics. WHYY, Coronavirus Pandemic March 26, 2020 March 26, 2020; Available from: https://whyy.org/articles/how-phillys-neighborhoods-can-help-us-understand-pandemics/

[12] Wilder-Smith, A., & Freedman, D. O. (2020, March 1). Isolation, quarantine, social distancing and community containment: Pivotal role for old-style public health measures in the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak. Journal of Travel Medicine. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/jtm/taaa020

[13] Blancafort, J. and P. Reus, PIONEERS OF COLLECTIVE PARTICIPATION IN URBAN PLANNING PROCESSES. HALPRIN'S LEGACY. ACE-ARCHITECTURE CITY AND ENVIRONMENT, 2015. 10(28): p. 57.

[14] Sharifi, A., & Khavarian-Garmsir, A. R. (2020, December 20). The COVID-19 pandemic: Impacts on cities and major lessons for urban planning, design, and management. Science of the Total Environment. Elsevier B.V. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142391

[15] Pisano, C. (2020). Strategies for post-COVID cities: An insight to Paris En Commun and Milano 2020. Sustainability (Switzerland), 12(15). https://doi.org/10.3390/SU12155883

[16] Urban Heritage Conservation and Sustainable Development Research Team; School of Architecture, Southeast University (SEU), China; SEU Key Laboratory of Urban and Architectural Heritage Conservation, Ministry of Education, China; UNESCO Chair in Cultural Resource Management. Urban Function-Spatial Response Strategy for the Epidemic—A Concise Manual on Urban Emergency Management; SEU Arch: Nanjing, China, 2020.

[17] Nia, H. A. (2021, January 1). A Comprehensive Review on the Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic on Public Urban Spaces. Architecture and Urban Planning. Sciendo. https://doi.org/10.2478/aup-2021-0008

[18] Gandy, M. (1999). The Paris sewers and the rationalization of urban space. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 24(1), 23–44. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0020-2754.1999.00023.x

[19] Reyes, R., Ahn, R., Thurber, K., & Burke, T. F. (2013). Urbanization and infectious diseases: General principles, historical perspectives, and contemporary challenges. In Challenges in Infectious Diseases (pp. 123–146). Springer New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4496-1_4

[20] Birch, E. L., & Wachter, S. M. (2006). Introduction: Rebuilding urban places after disaster. Rebuilding Urban Places After Disaster: Lessons from Hurricane Katrina. University of Pennsylvania Press. https://doi.org/10.9783/9780812204483.1

[21] Hall, C. M., Ram, Y., & Shoval, N. (2017). The Routledge international handbook of walking. The Routledge International Handbook of Walking (pp. 1–418). Taylor and Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315638461

[22] McAslan, D. (2017). Walking and Transit Use Behavior in Walkable Urban Neighborhoods. Michigan Journal of Sustainability, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.3998/mjs.12333712.0005.104

[23] Giles-Corti, B., Vernez-Moudon, A., Reis, R., Turrell, G., Dannenberg, A. L., Badland, H., … Owen, N. (2016, December 10). City planning and population health: a global challenge. The Lancet. Lancet Publishing Group. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30066-6

[24] AlNuaimi, S. F., Mohammed, W. M., & Ismael, N. T. (2019). The Governance of Transportation and Urban Design in Bahrain According to the Fourth Generation Industrial Revolution. International Journal of Technology Diffusion, 10(3), 18–32. https://doi.org/10.4018/ijtd.2019070102

[25] Weinberger, R., & Sweet, M. N. (2012). Integrating walkability into planning practice. Transportation Research Record, 2322, 20–30. https://doi.org/10.3141/2322-03

[26] Litman, T. (2020). Pandemic - Resilient Community Planning. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, 27p. Retrieved from https://www.vtpi.org/PRCP.pdf

[27] Honey-Rosés, J., Anguelovski, I., Chireh, V. K., Daher, C., Konijnendijk van den Bosch, C., Litt, J. S., … Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on public space: an early review of the emerging questions – design, perceptions and inequities. Cities & Health, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/23748834.2020.1780074

[28] Rueda, S. (2018). Superblocks for the design of new cities and renovation of existing ones: Barcelona’s case. In Integrating Human Health into Urban and Transport Planning: A Framework (pp. 135–153). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74983-9_8

[29] Zografos, C., Klause, K. A., Connolly, J. J. T., & Anguelovski, I. (2020). The everyday politics of urban transformational adaptation: Struggles for authority and the Barcelona superblock project. Cities, 99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2020.102613

[30] Anderson, S. C., Edwards, A. M., Yerlanov, M., Mulberry, N., Stockdale, J. E., Iyaniwura, S. A., … Colijn, C. (2020). Estimating the impact of COVID-19 control measures using a Bayesian model of physical distancing. MedRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.17.20070086

[31] Impact of social and physical environments: The Place Standard tool. 2019 20 September 2019; Available from: http://www.healthscotland.scot/health-inequalities/impact-of-social-and-physical-environments/place/the-place-standardtool/

[32] Sohrabi, C., Alsafi, Z., O’Neill, N., Khan, M., Kerwan, A., Al-Jabir, A., … Agha, R. (2020, April 1). World Health Organization declares global emergency: A review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19). International Journal of Surgery. Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.02.034

[33] Chen, S., Yang, J., Yang, W., Wang, C., & Bärnighausen, T. (2020, March 7). COVID-19 control in China during mass population movements at New Year. The Lancet. Lancet Publishing Group. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30421-9

[34] Hassanzadeh-Rad, A., & Halabchi, F. (2020). Stadiums as possible hot spots for COVID-19 spread. Asian Journal of Sports Medicine. Kowsar Medical Publishing Company. https://doi.org/10.5812/asjsm.103178

[35] Chen, S., Zhang, Z., Yang, J., Wang, J., Zhai, X., Bärnighausen, T., & Wang, C. (2020, April 18). Fangcang shelter hospitals: a novel concept for responding to public health emergencies. The Lancet. Lancet Publishing Group. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30744-3

[36] Martín Rojo, L. (2014). Occupy: The spatial dynamics of discourse in global protest movements. Journal of Language and Politics, 13(4), 583–598. https://doi.org/10.1075/jlp.13.4.01mar

[37] Polko, A. (2013). Public Space Development in the Context of Urban and Regional Resilience. Original Version of the" Journal of Economics …, (January 2012). Retrieved from http://wydawnictwo.ue.katowice.pl/uploads/media/Journal_010.pdf#page=47

[38] Samuelsson, K., et al., Urban nature as a source of resilience during social distancing amidst the coronavirus pandemic. 2020.

[39] Freeman, S., & Eykelbosh, A. (2020). COVID - 19 and outdoor safety: Considerations for use of outdoor recreational spaces. National Collaborating Centre for ENvironmental Health.

[40] Rojas-Rueda, D., Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J., Gascon, M., Perez-Leon, D., & Mudu, P. (2019). Green spaces and mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. The Lancet Planetary Health, 3(11), e469–e477. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30215-3

[41] Velarde, M. D., Fry, G., & Tveit, M. (2007). Health effects of viewing landscapes - Landscape types in environmental psychology. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 6(4), 199–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2007.07.001

[42] Wang, G., Li, H., Jombach, S., Yang, Y., & Tian, G. (2019). "City in the park,” Greenway Network Concept of High-Density Cities: Adaptation of Singapore Park Connector Network in Chinese Cities. In 6th Fabos Conference on Landscape and Greenway Planning. Retrieved from https://scholarworks.umass.edu/fabos/vol6/iss1/13/

[43] Ogren, T. L. (2000). Allergy-Free Gardening. In Proceedings of the California Weed Science Society (Vol. 53, p. 112). Retrieved from https://archive.org/details/allergyfreegarde00thom/page/112%0Ahttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginkgo_biloba

[44] https://www.nparks.gov.sg/gardens-parks-and-nature/park-connector-network

[45] WHO. (1988). Guidelines for Healthy Housing. World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe (p. 244). Retrieved from https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/191555

[46] Ranson, R., Healthy housing: a practical guide. 2002: Taylor & Francis.

[47] González Martínez, P. (2020). Designing disorder. Experiments and disruptions in the city. Journal of Urban Design, 25(5), 665–667. https://doi.org/10.1080/13574809.2020.1794803

[48] Ghaffarianhoseini, A., AlWaer, H., Omrany, H., Ghaffarianhoseini, A., Alalouch, C., Clements-Croome, D., & Tookey, J. (2018, May 4). Sick building syndrome: are we doing enough? Architectural Science Review. Taylor and Francis Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1080/00038628.2018.1461060

[49] Gillis, K., & Gatersleben, B. (2015). A review of psychological literature on the health and wellbeing benefits of biophilic design. Buildings. MDPI AG. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings5030948.

[50] Mohammed, W. M., & Al Nuaimi, S. F. T. (2020). Investigate the Sustainable Efficient Spaces in Islamic Inheritance Houses. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 881). Institute of Physics Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/881/1/012029

[51] Kellert, S. R. (2018). Nature by design: The practice of biophilic design. Nature by Design: The Practice of Biophilic Design (pp. 1–214). Yale University Press.

[52] Gang, J. (2016). Three Points of the Residential High-Rise: Designing for Social Connectivity. International Journal of High-Rise Buildings, 5(2), 117–125. https://doi.org/10.21022/ijhrb.2016.5.2.117

[53] Alnuaimi, S. F., & Mohammed, W. M. (2021). Living cool: An approach for Architectural “COOL ROOF” to Decrease the Electricity Consumption in Iraq. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 1076(1), 012016. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1076/1/012016

[54] Li, Y. (2017). Urban Design and 3 kinds of Space-Related Epidemic Diseases. Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering.

[55] Allam, Z., & Jones, D. S. (2020). On the coronavirus (Covid-19) outbreak and the smart city network: Universal data sharing standards coupled with artificial intelligence (ai) to benefit urban health monitoring and management. Healthcare (Switzerland), 8(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare8010046

[56] Huang, J., Jones, P., Zhang, A., Hou, S. S., Hang, J., & Spengler, J. D. (2021). Outdoor Airborne Transmission of Coronavirus Among Apartments in High-Density Cities. Frontiers in Built Environment, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2021.666923

[57] Yu, I. T. S., Li, Y., Wong, T. W., Tam, W., Chan, A. T., Lee, J. H. W., … Ho, T. (2004). Evidence of Airborne Transmission of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Virus. New England Journal of Medicine, 350(17), 1731–1739. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa032867

[58] Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J. (2020, July 1). Urban and transport planning pathways to carbon neutral, liveable and healthy cities; A review of the current evidence. Environment International. Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.105661

[59] Inn, T. L. (2020). Smart City Technologies Take on COVID-19. Smart Cities.

[60] Shaw, R., Kim, Y. kyun, & Hua, J. (2020). Governance, technology and citizen behavior in pandemic: Lessons from COVID-19 in East Asia. Progress in Disaster Science, 6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdisas.2020.100090

[61] Day, M. (2020). Covid-19: surge in cases in Italy and South Korea makes pandemic look more likely. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.), 368, m751. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m751.

[62] Calderón, E. (2017). The endurance of the modernist planning paradigm: the Functional City in contemporary planning in Medellín, Colombia. Journal of Architecture and Urbanism, 41(3), 234–252. https://doi.org/10.3846/20297955.2017.1355280

التحولات في مفهوم الفضاء الحضري بسبب جائحة كورونا. (2021). Journal Port Science Research, 4(2), 96-110. https://doi.org/10.36371/port.2021.2.6

Nasıl Atıf Yapılır

التحولات في مفهوم الفضاء الحضري بسبب جائحة كورونا. (2021). Journal Port Science Research, 4(2), 96-110. https://doi.org/10.36371/port.2021.2.6